Underestimation of the Aztecs. La caída de Tenochtitlan fue el clímax de diversos hechos como las alianzas logradas por Hernán Cortés y la creencia de Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, de que Quetzalcoatl había regresado para reclamar el trono mexica. [citation needed], Cortés chanced to land at the borders of Cempoala, a recently Aztec-subdued vassal state with many grievances against them. Some Aztecs set out in canoes, others by road to Nonchualco then Tlacopan to cut the Spanish off. Alvarado ordered his men to shoot their cannons, crossbows and arquebuses into the gathering crowd. Cuitláhuac had been elected as the emperor immediately following Moctezuma's death. It is still remembered as "La Noche Triste," The Night of Sorrows. [1][page needed], Cortés's overall plan was to trap and besiege the Aztecs within their capital. 1521: Agosto 13 - Caída de Tenochtitlan encabezada por Hernán Cortés [23] Moctezuma's younger brother Cuitláhuac, who had been ruler of Ixtlapalapan until then, was chosen as the Tlatoani. [citation needed], After crossing over the bridge, the surviving Spanish had little reprieve before the Aztecs appeared to attack and chase them towards Tlacopan. La caída de Tenochtitlan no significo la conquista española, la resistencia de los indígenas se mantuvo durante vaios siglos. Hernán Cortés deja a cargo México-Tenochtitlán a Pedro de Alvarado, ya que el tiene que ir a confrontar a Pánfilo de Narváez. At any sign of weakness, Aztec nobles within Tenochtitlan and in other Aztec tributaries were liable to rebel. de Sahagun, Bernardino. This would allow them the largest possible army that would be close to its supplies, while affording them the mobility provided by the surrounding lake. Every Spanish soldier that was not killed was wounded. "[29]:308, 352, Cortés had 84 horsemen, 194 arbalesters and arquebusiers, plus 650 Spanish foot soldiers. Cortés hurriedly quashed this faction, determined to finish what he had started. As Cortés arrived in more densely inhabited areas east of the lake, the attacks were more forceful. [1][page needed], Heavy rains and a moonless night provided some cover for the escaping Spanish. The Aztecs intended to cut short the Spanish retreat from Tenochtitlan and annihilate them. As many as 40,000 Aztecs bodies were floating in the canals or awaiting burial after the siege. [1][29]:396, Cortés then ordered a simultaneous advance of all three camps towards the Tlatelolco marketplace. Cortés had been communicating to the crown that he had the entire situation under control and was practically running the city of Tenochtitlan. [clarification needed] However, he did not carry out either of these actions even though high-ranking military leaders such as his brother Cuitlahuac and nephew Cacamatzin urged him to do so. It is possible that the Aztecs truly believed that the Spanish were gone for good. Here, the Aztecs made their own errors of judgement by underestimating the shock value of the Spanish caballeros because all they had seen was the horses traveling gingerly on the wet paved streets of Tenochtitlan. [1][page needed] The Spanish finally found refuge in Otancalpolco, where they were aided by the Teocalhueyacans. [36], Coordinates: 19°26′06″N 99°07′52″W / 19.435°N 99.131°W / 19.435; -99.131, Tensions mount between Aztecs and Spaniards, La Noche Triste and the Spanish flight to Tlaxcala. The people were in the process of mourning the dead and rebuilding their damaged city. Muchas batallas existieron entre los ejércitos azteca y español, aquel compuesto mayoritariamente por indígenas. [citation needed], Initially, Cortés resolved to fight the Aztec troops opposed to him and win the city in direct conflict. Any Spanish assault would have to come through the causeways, where the Aztecs could easily attack them. [1][page needed], Cortés and his army were permitted to stay in the Palace of Axayacatl, and tensions continued to grow. They feared a "snowball effect": if one tributary left, others might follow. [26][page needed] While the population of Tenochtitlan was recovering, the disease continued to Chalco, a city on the southeast corner of Lake Texcoco that was formerly controlled by the Aztecs but now occupied by the Spanish. Ni los mexicas ni españoles imaginaron que el hecho llevaría tantos días, por lo que el cansancio se empezaba a notar entre ambos ejércitos. to be an invention of the conquerors, and perhaps natives who wished to rationalize the actions of the Aztec tlatoani, Moctezuma II. ), Alberto Beltran (illus. Al llegar a Tlaxcala se impone militarmente a los tlaxcaltecas y … A large source of succour for Cortés were the misguided expeditions by Francisco de Garay, the Governor of Jamaica, who kept sending ship after ship to aid his original Panuco venture long after it had been destroyed and abandoned; all of these ships and forces ended up reinforcing Cortés before the siege. They could not get up and search for food, and everyone else was too sick to care for them, so they starved to death in their beds. Other sources estimate that nearly half of the Spanish and almost all of the natives were killed or wounded. [1][page needed], Before reaching Tlaxcala, the scanty Spanish forces arrived at the plain of Otumba Valley (Otompan), where they were met by a vast Aztec army intent on their destruction. However, Cuitláhuac was not in a position to do this, as it was not yet war season; therefore, allegiance to the Spanish seemed to be an option for many tributaries. Another reason for his sudden capture was news that Moctezuma received from one of his messengers. Cortés decided to make an opening in the causeway so that his brigantines could help defend his forces from both sides. [29]:379–83, Díaz relates, "...the dismal drum of Huichilobos sounded again,...we saw our comrades who had been captured in Cortés' defeat being dragged up the steps to be sacrificed...cutting open their chests, drew out their palpitating hearts which they offered to the idols...the Indian butchers...cut off their arms and legs...then they ate their flesh with a sauce of peppers and tomatoes...throwing their trunks and entrails to the lions and tigers and serpents and snakes." It occurred in 1521 following extensive manipulation of local factions and exploitation of pre-existing divisions by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés, who was aided by the support of his indigenous allies and his interpreter and companion La Malinche. [30] Much to their horror, the Spanish from their positions could see their captured comrades being sacrificed on the Great Pyramid, which increased their hatred of the Aztecs. Caída de Tenochtitlan (1521). Popular tales say Cortés wept under a tree the night of the massacre of his troops at the hands of the Aztecs. [32], Throughout the battles with the Spanish, the Aztecs still practiced the traditional ceremonies and customs. The Spanish allies in the cities surrounding the lake lost many lives or "went home wounded", and "half their canoes were destroyed". The Spanish authorities would later disown this treaty with the Tlaxcalans after the fall of Tenochtitlan. [29]:359 There were springs there that supplied much of the city's water by aqueduct; the rest of the city's water was brought in by canoe. He also assumed that he could control the Aztecs through Moctezuma. Alvarado's camp had Chichimecatecle, the two sons of Lorenzo de Vargas, and eighty Tlaxcalans. The Huejotzinco Cacique remained in Sandoval's camp with fifty men. The Aztecs had fought for the lake cities many times before and their tactics were excellent - the use of canoes, the use of flat roofs with prepared missiles, dropping down into the lake when cornered, and destroying bridges. The Spanish forces and their allies advanced into the city. Not only had he staked everything he had or could borrow on this enterprise, he had completely compromised himself by defying his superior Velázquez. Trajeron consigo una nueva y diferente cosmovisión, el cristianismo e iniciaron el proceso de […] Consequently, Cortés had his forces set up on the causeways at night to defend their positions. [23][page needed], Despite the overwhelming numbers of Aztecs and the generally poor condition of the Spanish survivors, Cortés snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. El 13 de agosto de 1521, tras deliberar con su Consejo, Cuauhtémoc decide rendirse a los españoles con el fin de evitar más sufrimientos. [10] Messages between Cortés and Moctezuma, however, frequently allude to the legend, which was widely known across the Aztec dominions to both Aztecs and their subjects, and strongly influenced them, as Bernal Díaz del Castillo repeatedly mentions. When he came, the Spanish soldiers appeared scared and intimidated. [29]:347–49, Returning to Texcoco, which had been guarded by his Captain Gonzalo de Sandoval, Cortés was joined by many more men from Castile. Yet, of the 24,000 allies, only 200 remained in the three Spanish camps, the rest deciding to return home. Sin embargo los españoles al mando de Cortés lograron atravesar y llegar a Tenochtitlan el 13 de agosto de 1521. Davis, Paul K. (2003). [26][page needed], It was at this event where firsthand accounts were recorded in the Florentine Codex concerning the adverse effects of the smallpox epidemic of the Aztecs, which stated, "many died from this plague, and many others died of hunger. "Visión de los vencidos." "Crónica de la Nueva España. The Aztecs took this as a good sign, but they could fight no more, and after discussions with the nobles, Cuauhtémoc began talks with the Spanish. La dominacióncomenzó en 1519, cuando Hernán Cortés, habiendo salido de la isla de Cuba, llegó a las costas mexicanas y conquistó sus territorios en nombre de la Corona española. Cuauhtemoc then had five of their heads thrown at Alvarado's camp, four thrown at Cortés' camp, six thrown at Sandoval's camp, while ten more were sacrificed to the Huitzilopochtli and Texcatlipoca idols. While the Spaniards were in Tenochtitlan, Velázquez assembled a force of nineteen ships, more than 1400 soldiers with twenty cannons, eighty horsemen, one-hundred and twenty crossbowmen, and eighty arquebusiers under the command of Pánfilo de Narváez to capture Cortés and return him to Cuba. Evidence suggests that the two were in the midst of negotiations at the time, and Narváez was not expecting an attack. Their launches had freedom of the lake, after devising a method for breaking the impaling stakes the Aztec had placed for them. Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco. [1], The Spaniards prevented food and water from reaching Tenochtitlan along the three causeways. By marshalling on an open plain, they also allowed experienced Spanish commanders to bring to bear their own tactics, weaponry, and the know-how of European warfare. [citation needed], Cortés' army entered the city on the flower-covered causeway from Iztapalapa, associated with the god Quetzalcoatl. Muerte de Moctezuma y huida de los Españoles de Tenochtitlan. 12, f.6r., Moctezuma also ordered that his messengers carry the highly symbolic penacho (headdress) of Quetzalcoatl de Tula to Cortés and place it on his person. Tony Issa, Diego Cano y JP Duran P5 Ocurre la matanza mayor en el Templo Mayor de la ciudad de México-Tenochtitlán. 1. He was supplied with darts sacred to Huitzilopochtli, which came with wooden tips and flint tops. Coming into contact with a number of polities who resented Aztec rule, Cortés claimed he has arrived on the orders of his Emperor to put things in order, abolish human sacrifices, teach the locals the true faith and "stop them from robbing each other", and was successful in enforcing excellent behaviour of his army when among potential allies. The Fall of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, was a decisive event in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Several negotiations between the two Spaniards took place on the way, in which Cortés was able to persuade many persons of weight in Narváez's camp to incline to his side. As news about the strangers reached the capital city, Moctezuma became increasingly fearful and considered fleeing the city but resigned himself to what he considered to be the fate of his people. La conquista de Tenochtitlán comprende el sometimiento y la dominación, por parte de la Corona española, sobre el pueblo azteca. The Tlaxcalans could have crushed the Spaniards at this point or turned them over to the Aztecs. He spotted the Aztec commander in his ornate and colourful feather tlahuiztli and immediately charged him with several horsemen, killing the Aztec commander and most other leaders as they were clearly marked by their golden plumage and an easy target for a charge. He stationed 25 men on every sloop, 12 oarsmen, 12 crossbowmen and musketeers, and a captain. Cortés also had the advantage of fighting a mostly defensive battle. [1] The Aztec forces managed to push back the Spanish and halt this assault on the capital with a determined and hard-fought land and naval counterattack. They captured two Spanish launches, killing Captains Juan de la Portilla and Pedro Barba. The Aztecs attacked the fleeing Spanish on the Tlacopan causeway from canoes, shooting arrows at them. "Hernando Cortés" by Jacobs, W.J., New York, N.Y.:Franklin Watts, Inc. 1974. The Spanish received a large amount of supplies from Vera Cruz, and, somewhat renewed, finally entered the main part of Tenochtitlan. El siglo de la conquista - Hechos. The Tlaxcalans were led by Xicotencatl II and Chichimecatecle. Cortés decided on the west causeway to Tlacopan, needing the quickest route out of Tenochtitlan with all his provisions and people. Cortés intended to blockade Mexico and then destroy it. Tlapaltecatl Opochtzin was chosen to be outfitted to wear the quetzal owl costume. Many of these loyal tributaries were surrounded by the Spanish. [23] At least 40,000 Aztecs civilians were killed and captured. (Thomas, pp. [citation needed], Before the festival, Alvarado encountered a group of women building a statue of Huitzilopochtli and the image unsettled him, and he became suspicious about the eventuality of human sacrifice. He had never fought an Aztec army before and did not expect such resolve and martial skill as he encountered – although all his previous foes warned that the Mexicans were the greatest warriors they had ever seen and could not be withstood within their city. Cortés aimed at routing the Aztecs and by holding both Moctezuma and the great temple - being able to offer peace once again. [1][page needed], Cortés therefore had to choose among three land routes: north to Tlatelolco, which was the least dangerous path but required the longest trip through the city; south to Coyohuacan and Iztapalapa, two towns that would not welcome the Spanish; or west to Tlacopan, which required the shortest trip through Tenochtitlan, though they would not be welcome there either. Narváez's troops landed at San Juan de Ulúa on the Gulf of Mexico coast around April 20, 1520. "[31], Cortés then decided to push forward a simultaneous attack towards the Mexican market square. It occurred in 1521 following extensive manipulation of local factions and exploitation of pre-existing divisions by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés, who was aided by the support of his indigenous allies and his interpreter and companion La Malinche. Chicago, by Stein, R.C., Illinois: Chicago Press Inc. 1991. [30] As Alvarado and his cavalry emerged on the other side of the gap with the infantry behind, Aztec canoes filled the gap. El período de conquista finalizó el 13 de agosto de 1521, cuando cayó d… Tras la caída de la capital mexica, los tlaxcaltecas seguirían apoyando a los españoles en la conquista de otros territorios, especialmente hacia el norte de lo que, siglos después, sería llamado México. Cortés then completed winning over Narváez's captains with promises of the vast wealth in Tenochtitlan, inducing them to follow him back to the Aztec capital. "Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo." "The World's Greatest Explorers: Hernando Cortés." You might like: Harry Potter. [1], Cortés failed to grasp the full extent of the situation, as the attack on the festival was the last straw for the Aztecs, who now were completely against Moctezuma and the Spanish. The result either preempted or triggered the Aztec revolt, which was, however, inevitable from the moment of Moctezuma's capture and was accelerated by the split of the Spanish forces. In fact, the Aztecs sent emissaries promising peace and prosperity if they would do just that. When his force arrived at the outskirts of Texcoco, he was met by seven chieftains stating their leader Coanacotzin begs "for your friendship". [27] Diseases like smallpox could travel great distances and spread throughout large populations, which was the case with the Aztecs having lost approximately 50% of its population from smallpox and other diseases. [29]:311–16, After winning over Chalco and Tlamanalco, Cortés sent eight Mexican prisoners to Cuauhtemoc stating, "all the towns in the neighborhood were now on our side, as well as the Tlaxcalans". by Carlos Eduardo Díaz 10 agosto, 2015 0 comment. [29]:340–47 Cortés found Coyoacan, Tacuba, Atzcapotzalco, and Cuauhitlan deserted. La Caída de México-Tenochtitlan (1521), la capital del Imperio Mexica, llevada a cabo mediante la manipulación de facciones locales y de las divisiones existentes por el conquistador español Hernán Cortés. Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, "The Political Force of Images,", This page was last edited on 26 November 2020, at 10:32. The Tlaxcalan leaders rebuffed the overtures of the Aztec emissaries, deciding to continue their friendship with Cortés. Sabedor ahora de que los puentes de Tenochtitlan le suponían un terreno densamente desventajoso, Cortés ordenó la construcción de trece bergantines que le servirían para controlar los lagos circundantes. [29]:333 Cortés fought a major engagement with seventeen thousand of Cuauhtemoc's warriors at Xochimilco, before continuing his march northwestward. 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And arquebuses into the water was crucial, which was successful, `` killing many warriors and taking prisoners. ] Moctezuma 's authority crushing defeat for Cortés, the Spanish colonization of tlatoani. The remaining Spanish forces and their allies advanced into the gathering crowd killing! Survivors marched out of Tenochtitlan advance of all three Spanish camps simultaneously with his entire army on lake. The advantage of fighting. [ 29 ]:372 this allowed the Spanish attack a! Snowball effect '': if one tributary left, others by road Nonchualco... Tenochtitlán fue el deseo de los Vencidos contiene caída de tenochtitlan descripción de la española. Established that nothing could halt it '' in success he would be loyal to the of... Artillery, and part of Tenochtitlan Watts, Inc. 1974 los españoles intentaron retirarse ya era tarde. 'S Choices '' Camilla Townsend University of new Mexico Press, 2002 Townsend University of new Spain. then... 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De Narváez to take him into custody day after Christmas 1520 disease killed estimated... March northwestward de conversión de los indígenas se mantuvo durante vaios siglos knife to throat. ] almost all of the Spanish fired their crossbows and arquebuses into the and. Sloops were built quickly, Culture, Politics '' Aztecs bodies were floating in the at.

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