37-43. The Marsh Arabs, or Madan, saw their centuries-old way of life virtually destroyed under Saddam Hussein's regime. 23 UNEP, The Mesopotamian Marshlands, pp. 59 UNEP, The Mesopotamian Marshlands, p. 27. The drainage works had already devastated the local economy, reflected in a significant decrease in fish supplies, and a decline in agricultural production and animal husbandry.56 The drying out of the reed beds deprived local inhabitants of the principal raw material used in the construction of boats, shelters, and various household items, and led to the disappearance of the local cane handicrafts industry. A decade later, about 40,000 Marsh Arabs are known to be living in camps or squatter settlements in Iran. What about the Canaanite Genocide? 15 S.M. The destruction was an ecocide adopted as a means of genocide against the Marsh Arabs. 54 United Nations, Reply of the Government of the Republic of Iraq to the report on the situation of human rights in Iraq submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights to the forty-ninth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, E/CN.4/1995/138, February 7, 1995, pp. The use of unmarked mines was reported in early 1992 but continued after the imposition of the "air-exclusion zone." 13 For an account of the conversion to Shi'a Islam by Iraq's southern tribes, see Yitzhak Nakash, The Shi'is of Iraq (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994). ), An Environmental and Ecological Survey of the Marshlands of Mesopotamia, AMAR Foundation, May 1994). Information about the attack was documented by Dr. Hussain al-Shahristani, a former Iraqi nuclear scientist who was incarcerated for over a decade in Abu Ghraib prison in the 1980s. 500,000 Marsh Arabs remained in the region of the former marshes (al-Shahristani [3]). According to local inhabitants from the area who fled to Iran, Iraqi troops equipped with gas masks bombarded the village on September 26 with shells emitting "a thick, white, ball-shaped gas cloud that hung a few yards above the ground for about an hour, causing breathing difficulties. According to U.S. government sources, an estimated 160 homes were reportedly razed to the ground on June 29, 1998, in the village of al-Masha.66. Civilians who fell ill or required medical treatment for ordinary conditions also faced similar problems, particularly after the government began removing medical stocks from hospitals and clinics from the major cities in the vicinity of the marshes (including Basra, al-Nasiriyya, and al-`Amara) and taking them northwards to areas beyond the 32. Consequently, tens of thousands of the inhabitants began fleeing to Iran or moving to safer areas outside the marshlands. For a chronological account of the Iran-Iraq war, see Library of Congress, Area Handbook Series, Iraq: A Country Study. 53 Ibid, p. 27. The last major drainage canal, the al-Wafa' lil-Qa'id (Loyalty to the Leader) River was completed as late as December 1997. The canals further divided the polders into smaller blocks and the remaining standing water was left to evaporate. Die Marsch-Araber, auch Maʿdan genannt (arabisch معدان, DMG Maʿdān, Singular معيدي / Maʿīdī), sind eine irakische beduinische Bevölkerungsgruppe. Environment Program (UNEP) in 2001, based on previously unseen satellite images, revealed the extent of the devastation of the marshland region.7 The satellite images, taken in 1992 and 2000 by the U.S.'s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), confirmed the destruction of around 90 percent of the marshlands, qualifying it as "one of the world's greatest environmental disasters. Now we can put it … This entailed a total ban on the transport into the marshes of foodstuffs, refined oil products, and medicines. Administratively, the marshlands cut across three of Iraq's eighteen provinces: Misan (originally al-`Amara), Dhi Qar (originally al-Nasiriyya), and Basra. At the time, Iraq was a party to several international agreements that made its acts illegal. 47 Middle East Watch, "Current Human Rights Conditions," p. 5. Concrete engineering proposals were developed to drain the marshlands proper. 55 United Nations, Report on the situation of human rights in Iraq, E/CN.4/1995/56, February 15, 1995, p. 13, para. Human Rights Watch endorsed the special rapporteur's recommendation, calling on the international community to demand a continuing presence of independent human rights observers inside Iraq. 24 The document (bearing the reference Section/1657) was sent from the Directorate of Security of Irbil province, and was addressed to the Security Director in the town of Shaqlawa (in Irbil province), informing him about security measures being taken in respect of the marshes region. 50. Regular armed forces as well as special forces and Republican Guards were used in these operations. According to documents uncovered in 1992 by Human Rights Watch researchers examining and analyzing Iraqi government documents captured during the March 1991 uprising, plans for a direct assault on the marshes had been in place since the last years of the Iran-Iraq war. Another wave of repression followed an abortive March 1991 uprising in southern Iraq after Iraq's defeat in the Gulf war. 8 Ibid, p. viii. After the fall of Saddam, the Marsh Arabs returned to the land and restored the flow of water by simply breaching the dams, dikes, and canals—with little or no attention to water quality concerns. 3 Ecocide as genocide High quality satellite imaging of … Referring to the Kurds, Saleh told the Reuters news agency: "At the time we evacuated those people and put them in complexes and provided them with amenities, [but] for political reasons there was a row against us in the West. Many of these persons have since "disappeared" in custody and remain unaccounted for. The zone was extended northwards up to the 33rd parallel in 1996. At the time, Iraq was a party to several international agreements that made its acts illegal. Writing in 1993, the special rapporteur said: "Witnesses point to the greenish colour of the water, `black spots' on the surface, its bitter taste and the volumes of dead fish as proof of some kind of poisoning. International; August 9, 2009 - 0:0. 59. The Marsh Arabs of Iraq: Hussein's Lesser Known Victims. The use of unmarked mines was reported in early 1992 but continued after the imposition of the "air-exclusion zone." We've watched. Three religious leaders were killed by unidentified gunmen in suspicious circumstances in Karbala' and al-Najaf between April 1998 and February 1999, and there were at least two other attempted assassinations.5 The most prominent victim was Ayatollah Muhammad Sadeq al-Sadr, shot dead with his two sons in al-Najaf in February 1999. Iraqi authorities rounded up thousands of people suspected of having participated in the three-week insurrection in numerous cities, towns, and villages across southern Iraq. Arbitrary and prolonged imprisonment of thousands who had been arrested during and in the aftermath of military bombardment of residential areas in the marshes, including civilians and others suspected of anti-government activities; UK MP testifies on ‘genocide’ against Marsh Arabs. According to then speaker of the Iraqi parliament, Sa'di Mahdi Saleh, the government's intention was to relocate some 3,000-4,000 inhabitants of the marshes to houses constructed along the highway between Basra and al-Qurna, to "provide them with electricity, clean water, schools and medical care,"29 and to "make them good citizens. "If the marshlands are not restored in the wake of the toppling of Saddam's regime, then the marsh people will fade into history, and our generation will be responsible for the deliberate extinction of one of the oldest races in the world," she added. Using an extensive network of "undercover collaborators" to determine the location of army deserters and other "hostile groups," and attempt to "lure" them out of their hiding places to facilitate capture. Together, these wetlands formed a series of interconnected permanent marshes and lakes covering an area of some 8,800 square kilometers, extending to some 20,000 kilometers when large tracts of dry or desert land were seasonally inundated.10, The marshland region is also the site of some of the richest oil deposits in the country. The Iraqi government initially agreed to the establishment of a U.N. center in the marshlands for the distribution of humanitarian aid, but within days of Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan's departure, it ordered U.N. staff to close the center and leave. To further deprive the marshes of the waters of the Tigris, the Euphrates, and their tributaries, at least four other major drainage canals were completed in 1993 and 1994: the al-Qadisiyya River, the Umm al-Ma'arik (Mother of All Battles) River, the al-`Izz (Prosperity) River, and the Taj al-Ma'arik (Crown of All Battles) River.52 Several dams were also constructed to prevent backflow, and embankments were raised or built high enough to prevent floodwaters from overflowing into the marshes. 65 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, p. 359. The population and culture of the Marsh Arabs, who have resided continuously in the marshlands for more than 5,000 years, are being eradicated. She said the Madan would not be able to return home unless Saddam Hussein was replaced by an administration which would allow the marshes to be re-flooded. Enforced disappearances of many of the Marsh Arabs arrested during the 1990s, whose fate and whereabouts remain unresolved to date; 31 Anderson, "Iraq to uproot isolated Marsh Arabs," Reuters. In August 1992, US, UK and French forces imposed a no-fly zone to stop attacks on southern Iraq from the air, but offensives continued on the ground. This lack of resolve on the part of the international community effectively gave the Iraqi government a free hand to carry on with large-scale repression. Hussein is "very likely" guilty of genocide against the Marsh Arabs, Dellapenna said. 58). Tens of thousands of army deserters, political opponents, and others who had sought shelter in the southern marshlands were systematically and relentlessly pursued by security and military forces following the Iraqi government suppression of the uprising.4 In the ensuing months, arbitrary arrests, indefinite detention of suspects, and killings continued unabated. "32, The forced resettlement program in the marshes was accompanied by a counterinsurgency campaign that included indiscriminate attacks by artillery, helicopter gunships and fixed-wing aircraft on villages. Issue 5 Genocide Marsh Arabs Issue 6 Genocide Anfal Campaign Issue 7 Head of from LAW MISC at The University of Faisalabad, Amin Campus Conducting periodic and regular "punitive and deterrent operations" against those inhabitants of the marshes deemed to have "collaborated with the subversives." We additionally have the funds for variant types and along with type of the books to browse. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group. Human Rights Watch made this document available to then U.N. special rapporteur on Iraq, Max van der Stoel, who published it in his February 1993 report to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights.25 Subsequent developments have shown that the Iraqi government in fact succeeded in carrying out a far more ambitious plan, culminating in the almost total eradication of an indigenous people through brute force and the systematic destruction of their economic livelihoods and natural environment. UNEP also detailed the impact of the drainage works on wildlife decline, the extinction of certain species and on regional climate change (pp. Create a new account. Consequently, the Special Rapporteur must record his disappointment that to date no staff has been assigned for specific monitoring purposes nor, so far as he knows, has any discernible and secure budget been allocated for the mandate. The environmental conditions ... observed and documented by the team supported the results of the analysis" (Sixth report under resolution 699, S/1994/750, June 24, 1994, para. The heaviest attacks, which involved the use highly destructive ordnance against villages, lasted from July 20 to 27. This was apparently designed to spread fear among the local population and to demonstrate that despite the imposition of the "air-exclusion zone," the Iraqi government remained in control of the region. 125). The draining of the marshes was undertaken primarily for political ends, namely to force the Marsh Arabs out of the area through water diversion tactics and to punish them for their role in the 1991 uprising against Saddam Hussein's government. Army patrols were reported to be searching travelers into the region, and any food judged to be in excess of a family's needs was either seized or destroyed. However, irrespective of the cause, the water which remains in the depleted areas of the marshes has reportedly become contaminated and is unfit for human or animal consumption," (United Nations, Situation of human rights in Iraq, February 13, 1993, pp. On July 19, the five permanent members of the Security Council called on Iraq to withdraw its troops from the marshes and allow U.N. staff to distribute humanitarian aid to the besieged civilians. Civilians who fell ill or required medical treatment for ordinary conditions also faced similar problems, particularly after the government began removing medical stocks from hospitals and clinics from the major cities in the vicinity of the marshes (including Basra, al-Nasiriyya, and al-`Amara) and taking them northwards to areas beyond the 32nd parallel. 21 UNEP, The Mesopotamian Marshlands., p. 23. BARONESS EMMA NICHOLSON MEP: The thing is a catastrophe. This Briefing Paper focuses on one such crime. 5 Ayatollah Murtadha al-Burujerdi was shot dead, together with two companions, by armed assailants on April 22, 1998, in the city of al-Najaf. One document, dated January 30, 1989-entitled "Plan of Action for the Marshes" and marked secret and confidential-refers to an original plan "which was adopted in 1987 and approved by the President and Commander-in-Chief. Hundreds of local inhabitants were reportedly rounded up, including women, children, and the elderly. Iraq's proven oil reserves, estimated at 112 billion barrels, are second only to those of Saudi Arabia, and its major reserves are in the southern region.11 Of those located in the marshlands, the largest are the Majnun fields with reserves of 10-30 billion barrels, and West Qurna with reserves of 15 billion barrels.12, The marshlands were once home to several hundred thousand inhabitants, the Ma'dan, a people whose unique way of life had been preserved for over 5,000 years. Food smugglers who were caught were often harshly dealt with, including by summary execution. We recommend that you register using the same email address you use to maintain your ASCE Member account. 115). 22 Iraq eventually recaptured the islands in 1988. 18 Peter Sluglett, "The Marsh Dwellers in the History of Modern Iraq," in Iraqi Marshlands: Prospects, p. 110. BAGHDAD (AFP) – A member of the British House of Lords has described witnessing “genocide” by executed dictator Saddam Hussein's regime against Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the early 1990s. They included large numbers of women, children, and the elderly. For more than two decades, Shi'a Muslims across Iraq, who collectively form at least 60 percent of the Iraqi population, have been subjected to a violent government campaign of persecution, the authorities fearing that Iraqi Shi'a might seek to follow the example set by Shi'a in Iran. 73-76, and A/52/476, October 15, 1997, pp. Human Rights Watch calls the campaign against the Marsh Arabs a crime against humanity and other rights activists call it genocide. Van der Stoel wrote in his report: "With the corroborative value of this document, and seen in the light of the Special Rapporteur's possession of a video-cassette showing the present Prime Minister instructing generals to "wipe out" certain tribes ..., video-cassettes showing widespread destruction of marsh area villages and habitat, the fact that the described "Plan of Action" and reported events mirror the Government's Anfal operations in the Kurdish northern area ..., reports that the present military actions in the south of Iraq are under the direction of Ali Hassan al-Majid who previously directed the Anfal operations, the admission of the Government of Iraq that it has in fact been pursuing large-scale "police" actions and "development" projects, and the refusal of the Government to allow human rights monitoring, the Special Rapporteur feels compelled to give considerable credence to the allegations [detailed in his report]" (p. 35, para. The Iraqi marshes were drained by Saddam Hussein in the 1990s as part of a counterinsurgency campaign against the Marsh Arabs as a collective – an operation that has been analyzed previously as a case of ecocide and genocide. Mass arrests involving house-to-house searches following artillery and mortar attacks on villages. However, UNEP concluded that the "accelerated scale and speed of marshland disappearance ... was mainly driven by massive drainage works undertaken in the wake of civil unrest following the second Gulf War in 1991," and that "analysis of satellite imagery has shown that the marshland ecosystem had collapsed by 2000. 28 The first allegations of the use of napalm against civilians emerged in late 1991, when the AMAR Foundation reported that villagers living near the border with Iran had sustained burns consistent with the use of napalm. 58 United Nations, Report on the situation of human rights in Iraq, February 15, 1995, p. 15, para. They said the Iraqis used napalm and chemical weapons and poisoned the marsh waters, although the accusations have not been confirmed. Army patrols were reported to be searching travelers into the region, and any food judged to be in excess of a family's needs was either seized or destroyed. 33 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1993, p. 306. Demonstrations in al-Nasiriyya and other cities were violently put down and hundreds of people arrested. In the same year, Minority Rights Group estimated that the size of the indigenous population had dwindled to some 50,000 (in The Marsh Arabs of Iraq, London: 1993). 37 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1993, p. 306. In an earlier report, UNSCOM noted that during its field visit, "Iraq refused the inspection team's demand to interview army personnel who were in the vicinity of the site of the alleged attack at the time when it was said to have occurred" (Fifth report under resolution 699, S/26910, December 21, 1993, para. Many had witnessed or participated in those events in al-Najaf, Karbala', and elsewhere. Carrying out "strategic security operations" in the region, such as causing explosions, poisoning the environment and burning homes, in order to worsen the security situation there. 6 The "confessions" of four men allegedly arrested in connection with the assassination of Ayatollah Muhammad Sadeq al-Sadr and his two sons were broadcast on Iraqi television on March 17, 1999. 50-51. Baroness Emma Nicholson, Chairman of the Amar Foundation, which provides aid to Marsh Arab refugees, believes they are the victims of genocide. In December 2002, Human Rights Watch published a policy paper, Justice for Iraq,1 detailing some of the serious crimes perpetrated in Iraq during the 1980s and 1990s. The Friday sermons of these scholars and leaders had been well attended and occasionally had contained veiled criticisms of government policy and repression. 5-10. The rebellion failed; in retaliation the government embarked on a massive water diversion project to drain the wetlands. Although in this and one other case the government later announced it had arrested, tried, and executed the alleged assassins, many Iraqis suspect that the killings were ordered by the government.6. 26 A U.N. delegation visited Iraq between July 8-13, 1991, charged with assessing the humanitarian needs of Iraqi civilians under the terms of the Memorandum of Understanding signed by the Iraqi government and the U.N. on April 18, 1991. However, the government's stated reasoning was to reclaim land for agriculture and exterminate a breeding ground for mosquitoes. In 1970 the wetlands covered nearly 11,000 square kilometers; today they cover fewer than a thousand. Mass arrests involving house-to-house searches following artillery and mortar attacks on villages. XLV, No. The simple, harmless-looking dam is just one piece of a malevolent puzzle which was genocide against the marsh people. Estimates suggest there were around 400,000 Madan in the 1950s, but that this had dropped to 250,000 by 1991. 14-15. The report documented the atrocities perpetrated by Iraqi government forces during these events, and included testimonies from Iraqi refugees who had fled to Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Kurdish-controlled northern Iraq. The Bible places the Garden of Eden near the two rivers (Genesis chapter 2, verse 14). Until the 1950s, the traditional subsistence lifestyle of the Ma'dan had hardly been disturbed. 15-16, paras. Discover (and save!) More tragically, the Iraqi regime poisoned the water with huge quantities of chemicals, depriving more than 500,000 besieged Arabs of any type of food or water. 17. "18 Urban economic activity became the main source of income for many families even though, geographically and administratively, the marshlands themselves remained relatively isolated. Where possible, the injured were smuggled to Iran for treatment, but the journey was hazardous and some did not survive it. 17,029 pages were read in the last minute. Between 30,000 and 60,000 people were killed, according to the United States. The number of people killed in the ensuing clashes was not known, but the head of one of the villages, al-`Amayra, was reported to have been arrested and later executed. 11 Middle East Economic Survey, "Iraqi Oil Industry in 2002: A Turning Point," Vol. While in most cases those arrested were taken away blindfolded to an unspecified destination and did not return, others were held for several days and then released after undergoing interrogation and torture. In his book The God Delusion, he writes,. Forcible population transfer-coercive expulsion of part of the Marsh Arab population from their native villages to settlements on dry land on the outskirts of the marshes and along major highways to facilitate government control over them; This repression has been as relentless and as brutal as that visited on the Kurds in the north. The stories of Iraqi brutality and violence against the Marsh Arabs abound and accusations of cultural genocide are increasing in vehemency. Further attacks on villages in the marshes were carried out in the months following the assassination of a third prominent Shi'a cleric, Ayatollah Muhammad Sadeq al-Sadr in al-Najaf in February 1999,68 which triggered protests and disturbances across southern Iraq. Notwithstanding the Iraqi government's continuing refusal to cooperate with the U.N.'s human rights mechanisms, the special rapporteur had requested as early as February 1992 "the sending to Iraq of a team of human rights monitors who would remain in Iraq until the human rights situation had drastically improved. Repression was stepped up in the southern Shia towns and the Iraqi regime began large-scale hydro-engineering projects in the marshes, building dams, canals and embankments. "21, Implementation was deferred for the duration of the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war, which for the government underscored the urgency of proceeding with drainage after a section of the marshes became the site of military operations. In connection with this event, the special rapporteur stated that "security forces were dispatched to the marshes area where they reportedly intimidated people, warning them that their ration cards would be confiscated if they did not vote for Saddam" (United Nations, Report on the human rights situation in Iraq, March 4, 1996, E/CN.4/1996/61, p. 12, para. "The army's favourite tactic is to blow up villages selectively and then sow mines in the water before retreating," wrote the Observer journalist Shyam Bhatia, who visited the marshes in 1993. May 11, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by jabbar hasan. Assigning to security committees in the relevant provinces the task of controlling vehicle traffic between the marshes region and the major town centers, and coordinating all security activities with the air force such that helicopters and military aircraft could be made available for operations involving the pursuit of army deserters and others. 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