Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares",[39] as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as squares. It was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. [citation needed] A group of start-up companies have emerged in Kendall Square since 2010. [56] An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a Cantabrigian. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook watersheds, which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including Lexington, Lincoln, Waltham and Weston. The per capita income for the city was $31,156. In the Koppen-Geiger classification Cambridge has a warm continental summer climate (Dfa) that can appear in the southern end of New England's interior. The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves, and serves as the chair of city council meetings. The United States and Canada began the period as small but vigorous societies; the United States ended the period as the world's premier economic power. The city council and its individual members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager. Fresh Pond Reservation is the largest open green space in Cambridge with 162 acres (656,000 m²) of land around a 155-acre (627,000 m²) kettle hole lake. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three major changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and Alewife Brook; the ice-cutting industry launched by Frederic Tudor on Fresh Pond; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries. Cambridge is served by the MBTA, including the Porter Square Station on the regional Commuter Rail; the Lechmere Station on the Green Line; and the Red Line at Alewife, Porter Square, Harvard Square, Central Square, and Kendall Square/MIT Stations. [77], In September 2011, the City of Cambridge launched the "Entrepreneur Walk of Fame" initiative. Volumes II and III will cover, respectively, the economic history of the nineteenth century and the twentieth century. 7.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race (1.6% Puerto Rican, 1.4% Mexican, 0.6% Dominican, 0.5% Colombian & Salvadoran, 0.4% Spaniard). [91] The city is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the 2nd Middlesex, Middlesex and Suffolk, and 1st Suffolk and Middlesex districts.[92]. Contrary to popular belief, the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, the population of the Cambridge built-up area (which is larger than the remit of Cambridge City Council) was 158,434 including 29,327 students. To send content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org Volume III surveys the economic history of the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean during the twentieth century. Volume II surveys the economic history of the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean during the nineteenth century, a period of massive international and intercontinental movements of labor, capital, and commodities. By 1920, Cambridge was one of New England's main industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 residents. Consisting largely of densely built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland. [125] Peterson became Acting City Manager on September 30, 2016, after Richard C. Rossi announced that he would opt out of his contract renewal. [85] The Cambridge public library contains four Works Progress Administration murals completed in 1935 by Elizabeth Tracy Montminy: Religion, Fine Arts, History of Books and Paper, and The Development of the Printing Press.[86]. This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when Biogen opened a lab in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute (a Harvard spinoff) to abandon Somerville and Boston for Cambridge. In 1976, Harvard's plans to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three-month moratorium and a citizen review panel. Cambridge [England] Donor bostonpubliclibrary Edition 1. publ. Cambridge has a city government led by a mayor and a nine-member city council. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. The 1980s brought a wave of high-technology startups. ... United States History Outlines c.1750–c.2005. Only the Cambridge Brands subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town, still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street. [12][16], The town comprised a much larger area than the present city,[12] with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now Newton) in 1688,[17] Cambridge Farms (now Lexington) in 1712[12] or 1713,[18] and Little or South Cambridge (now Brighton)[a] and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now Arlington) in 1807. Originally settled as New Towne in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Company, it was organized as a town in 1636 when it became the site of Harvard College (now an undergraduate school of Harvard University). Through the City of Cambridge's exclusive municipal water system, the city further controls two exclave areas, one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a 2009 listed American Water Landmark located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont. The United States and Canada began the period as small but vigorous societies; the United States ended the period as the world's premier economic power. Lechmere Square, at the junction of Cambridge and First streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches". The Oxford History of the United States is the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. [142], Cambridge has an official bicycle committee. In 1895, Edwin Ginn, founder of Ginn and Company built the Athenaeum Press Building for his publishing text book empire. Route 2A runs the length of the city, chiefly along Massachusetts Avenue. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of 176 feet (54 m) above sea level at the Payson Park Reservoir (Belmont). [12] The original village site is now within Harvard Square. Its chapters trace the century's major events, notably the Great Depression and the two world wars, as well as its long-term trends, such as changing technology, the rise of the corporate economy, and the development of labor law. [74] Also around that time, e-commerce giants Staples[75] and Amazon.com[76] said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square. [127], Cambridge was a county seat of Middlesex County, along with Lowell, until the abolition of county government. This three-volume History has been designed to take full account of new knowledge in the subject, while at the same time offering a comprehensive survey of the history of economic activity and change in the United States. There is also a six-member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools. Non-Hispanic Whites were 62.1% of the population in 2010,[55] down from 89.7% in 1970. About Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Check if you have access via personal or institutional login. Established in 1832, the CFD operates eight engine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and two paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city. The Square also now houses the headquarters of Akamai.[34]. II. In Cambridge Highlands, the technology company Bolt, Beranek, & Newman produced the first network router in 1969, and hosted the invention of computer-to-computer email in 1971. We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if 'average' rainfall continues this could continue for several months."[157]. [139], While Bicycling Magazine in 2006 rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling,[140] it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best[141] and was called by the magazine "Boston's Great Hope". In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males. [148] Due, however, to close proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth (Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as well. Volume II surveys the economic history of the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean during the nineteenth century, a period of massive international and intercontinental movements of labor, capital, and commodities. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Both U.S. Route 1 and Interstate 93 also provide additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in Boston. In May 1638,[15] the settlement's name was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England. The settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne". Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including The Middle East, Club Passim, The Plough and Stars, and the Nameless Coffeehouse. [154] A new water treatment plant opened in 2001. The marketplace where farmers sold crops from surrounding towns at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled) remains within a small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets. According to the United States Census Bureau, Cambridge has a total area of 7.1 square miles (18 km2), of which 6.4 square miles (17 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) (9.82%) is water. Susan-Mary Grant writes beautifully - but rather verbosely - about the United States' history from its native start until today. Cambridge also has several private schools, including: Cambridge is served by the Cambridge Chronicle, the oldest surviving weekly paper in the United States. Get this from a library! Although known as a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within Watertown. Search the history of over 446 billion web pages on the Internet. Cambridge is home to the following commercially licensed and student-run radio stations: Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the city since its inception in 1988. Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by: The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of Somerville passes through densely populated neighborhoods which are connected by the MBTA Red Line. [6] According to the 2010 Census, the city's population was 105,162. Other chapters discuss British mercantilist policies and the American colonies; and the American Revolution, the constitution, and economic developments through 1800. [Stanley L Engerman; Robert E Gallman;] -- Vol. Find out more about sending content to . ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Located at the first convenient Charles River crossing west of Boston, Newtowne was one of a number of towns (including Boston, Dorchester, Watertown, and Weymouth) founded by the 700 original Puritan colonists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony under Governor John Winthrop. The racial makeup of the city was 66.60% White, 11.70% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 15.10% Asian (3.7% Chinese, 1.4% Asian Indian, 1.2% Korean, 1.0% Japanese[59]), 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.10% from other races, and 4.30% from two or more races. In the past several decades there has been a significant increase in our knowledge of the economic history of the United States. [35] The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and Genzyme; laboratories for Novartis, Teva, Takeda, Alnylam, Ironwood, Catabasis, Moderna Therapeutics, Editas Medicine; support companies such as Cytel; and many smaller companies. The city has invited tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility,[134] though services from American satellite TV providers are available. Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. It is served by a, Porter Square, about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues. Other chapters examine inequality and poverty, trade and foreign relations, government regulation and the public sector, and banking and finance. In 2000, 11.0% of city residents were of Irish ancestry; 7.2% were of English, 6.9% Italian, 5.5% West Indian and 5.3% German ancestry. [citation needed], The proximity of Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cultural Survival, and One Laptop per Child. Coming north from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3, 1775,[12] now reckoned the birthplace of the U.S. Five upper schools offer grades 6–8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools:[129], Cambridge has three district public high school programs, the principal one being Cambridge Rindge and Latin School (CRLS).[130]. Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76. The average January temperature is 26.6 °F (- 3 °C), making Cambridge part of Group D, independent of the isotherm. Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as Newe Towne by 1632, and as Newtowne by 1638. Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns, and were shaped by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to "examine options to increase competition, reduce pricing, and improve speed, reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses."[135]. In the end, Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977. [146], The Boston intercity bus and train stations at South Station, Boston, and Logan International Airport in East Boston, are accessible by subway. After the 1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples. In December 1630, the site of what would become Cambridge was chosen because it was safely upriver from Boston Harbor, making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. According to Cotton Mather, Newtowne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court (the Massachusetts legislature) primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher Thomas Shepard. Cambridge, city, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., situated on the north bank of the Charles River, partly opposite Boston. 3: The Twentieth Century (Volume 3) (9780521553087) and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. It was overtaken and purchased by Cambridge-based Lotus Development, maker of Lotus 1-2-3. Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge's economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but educational institutions are its biggest employers today. In 1888, Edward Drummond Libbey moved all production to Toledo, Ohio, where it continues today under the name Owens-Illinois. [66][67] As a cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms Analog Devices, Akamai, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN Technologies) (now part of Raytheon), General Radio (later GenRad), Lotus Development Corporation (now part of IBM), Polaroid, Symbolics, and Thinking Machines. search Search the Wayback Machine. [20], Newtowne's ministers, Hooker and Shepard, the college's first president, the college's major benefactor, and the first schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton were all Cambridge alumni, as was the colony's governor John Winthrop. At Cambridge's western edge, the cemetery is known as a garden cemetery because its landscaping (the oldest planned landscape in the country) and arboretum. Several major roads lead to Cambridge, including Route 2, Route 16 and the McGrath Highway (Route 28). Its chapters trace the century's major events, notably the Great Depression and the two world wars, as well as its long-term trends, such as changing technology, the rise of the corporate economy, and the development of labor law. Harvard University had always been important as both a landowner and an institution, but it began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. Next door was the Athenaeum Press. [143] The LivableStreets Alliance, headquartered in Cambridge, is an advocacy group for bicyclists, pedestrians, and walkable neighborhoods. 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